Electrical method for manufacturing sulphonated oils



W. WOELFLIN March 15, 1938.

ELECTRICAL METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SULPHONATED OILS Original Filed Dec. 26, 1933 HTTo/efwsy Patented Mar. 15, 1.938 l UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE ELECTRICAL LIETHOD FOR IHANUF'ACTUR'e ING SULPHONATED OILS Application December 26, 1933,\Serlal No. 703,945 Renewed June 5, 1937 19 Claims.

My invention relates to an improved electrical process and apparatus for the manufacture of sulphonated oils such as textile oils, leather oils,

chemical emulsifying and demulsifying agents and the like, such as are used in the textile, leathl erv or other industries. l

In general the problem of manufacturing sulphonated oils and sulphonated fatty materials is not new. Oils, fats, and the fatty acids occurring therein have previously vbeen reacted with lsulphuric acid, oleum, chlorosulphonic acid, etc., and the resulting products of such reactions have found utility in the textile, leather, and other industries, especially in a partially or completely neutralized state, these products being sulphofatty bodiesand containing in some cases acid sulphates, and in others -true sulphonic acids. More recently the higher alcohols, e. g., cetyl alcohol, have been employed as ingredients in similar processes to produce sulpho-bodies of some what similar properties. Y

The present process relates to an'improved 1 process and apparatus for vthemanufacture of such sulpho-fatty materials and particularl to Va sulphonation process using sulphuric aci as a. reaction agent. I shall hereinafter employ the term organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof" for the material preliminarilytreated in the manufacture of such products. By4 theword derivative in this term, I have reference to a derivative which is an equivalent of the sulphuric acid. In this term are included fatty bodies such as gly-v cerides, animal andy vegetable oils, fats, waxes and the fatty acids occurring therein, as well as thel higher aliphatic-alcohols, which latter resemble the oils, fats, and waxes in physical appearance and in many of their properties. Of these higher alcohols, I include specifically those having more than eight carbon atoms `inwthe molecule, of which group cetyl alcohol, octdecyl alcohol, melissyl alcohol and ceryl alcohol may be named as examples.

The fatty bodies referred to above includes the 'unsaturated' oils, fats, and fatty acids commonly employed in preparing sulphonated fatty deriva-V .fatty bodies-capable of reactionwith' sulphuric acid are olive'oil, castor oil, fish oils, sperm oil,

i whale oi1,`oxeic acid (red ou), etc. In sqmecases,

the fatty raw material employed in making sulpho-fatty bodies is a mixture of fatty acids and ting triglycerides by means of acids or splitting agents like Twitchell reagents.

The presently described process is also applicable to the preparation of such materials as Twitchell reagents, whichl .are the products of sulphonation of a fatty body and an aromatic body by means of sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof, this material to be sulphonated being inas petroleum distillates, aromatic bodies, like ben- Vglycerides prepared by splitting or partially splitzol or naphthalene or phenol, carbon tetrachloride', etc.

'I'he process of this invention is applicable in the preparation 'of sulphonated fatty derivatives containing large percentages ,ofi sulpho-compounds, as well as in the preparation of sulphonatedffatty bodies in which the percentage of sulpho-compounds is small, i. e., in which the amount of organically combined sulphur trioxide present is very small.

The products of such sulphonation processes I shall refer to as sulpho-fatty bodies, or sulphof fatty derivatives, it being distinctlyunderstood that in these terms I include not only sulpho- .nated oils and sulphonated fatty acids, but also sulpho-alcohols and sulpho-.aromatic fatty bodies. The sulpho-bodies referred to herein may be either true sulphonic bodies, containing the sulphonic group, or they may be acid sulphate bodies containing the sulphate group.

The present method of manufacturing such l sulpho-fatty materialsl consists usually of the following general steps: (l) Mixing a sulphonating agent in the form of sulphuricV acid or a suitable derivative thereof with an organic fatty body4 capable of reaction with such sulphur acid, either alone or with the addition of suitable solvents,`

diluents, or other ingredients, `allowing the fr eaction to proceed for a desired length of time and' at a desired temperature. (2) Washing the acidic -reaction massv with a suitable amount of an aqueous washing medium which may be water Q1. other suitable aqueous solution. By washing, I mean mixing or contacting, more or less intimately; the acidic reaction mass and the suitable aqueous medium. In most cases, mixing is continued `until a4 homogeneous mixture is produced, which may separate more or less slowly. (3) Allowing the mixture to stand in a quiescentI state until it separates into two layers. The excess sulphonating agent and the Washing medium, with possibly some Water-soluble organic .matten like glycerin, comprise the lower aqueous bases like those of the alkaline earth metals.

(6) Allowing the neutralized or partially neutralized mass to stand in a quiescent state to permit settling therein of the small amount of aqueous solution remaining after the first settling period and the neutralizing step, as well as to allow a settling of more or less of the water which may have been added With'the neutralizing agent.

The length of time required for. these separatory steps is quite large, The rst such step, wherein the lower /aqueous layer is"formed`after washing the acidic reaction mass, frequently requires from eight to thirty-six hours, depending on the temperatures employed in washing, the nature of the ingredients, the reaction temperaturek employed, and other factors. The.- second separatory step also requiresa prolonged time of settling to remove the Water or aqueous solution. In some' cases separation of aqueous material continues for as long as a month, and

products behaving in .this fashion cannot be y.

safely marketed untilf substantially all traces of this material are removed. Centrifugal methplds are commonly ineffectual in that they fail ma'.-

terially to accelerate and facilitate the separa-f tion and stratification of the constituents;

Not only do either or both of these settling steps result in a great waste of time and necessitate much additional equipment which would otherwisc be unnecessary, but my, experiments have shown that it is .very undesirable to maintain such water or aqueous solutions in contactwith the fsulphonated products.

amounts of the sulphonatin'g agent by the oily This acidic mass after washing and settling. causes the amount of vneutralizing agent required .to be excessive, which in turn results in higher costs and, if the neutralizing base be employed in aqueous solution, also results in undesirable dilution lof the product. Other disadvantages are, lfor example, the inclusion of large amounts of mineral sulphates which may separate on standing, or which may cloud or otherwise disi I have yfound that prolonged contact between these materials procolor the product or be detrimental to the appearance or quality thereof.

In the present process the above-mentioned defects' are'overcome and a superior product is obtained by utilizing electrical means for assisting in performing either or both separating steps.

Thus, the acidic reaction mass, together with the paratus for forming such sulphonated' products which effects not only a distinct saving of time,- apparatus and materials in the manufacture of these products, but which has' been found to produce an improved andv superior productof increased effectiveness.

l It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel step in the process of producing sulphonated fatty derivatives, Whereina mixture of an acidic reaction mass and a washing me`l dium is subjected to the action of an electric field. A further object lies in the subjection of a ,finished or a semi-finished product consisting of a partially or completely neutralized sulphonated fatty derivative to the action of an electric eld.

A'I further advantage of the present process is that a saving is effected in the amount of neutralizing agent needed to neutralize the material to a desired point, as compared with the amount needed whe/n prolonged gravitational settling is resorted to, and it is a further object of the in vention to/'prvide a process and apparatus which vaccomplishes sch a saving in the amount of materials required.

It is not necessary to thepresent process. that l.; an anhydrous product be obtained. The sul- .plioiiiated fatty derivatives prepared in accordance with the present process may sometimes still contain considerable amounts of water, though in many instances the process results in the production of a product containingonly traces of water.

It has sometimes been found desirable to utilize an electric field of specialoscillatory charac, ter, andl it is another object of the present invention to use one or more electric fields of this character in the removal-of excess water or other aqueous constituents from a sulphonated fatty derivative.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be made apparent hereinafter.

The said organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof is rst mixed with the sulphuric acid or other suitable sulphonating agent in a reaction or mixing chamber of any common or desired form, with or without the addition of diluents, solvents, reactive or inert aromatics, etc. In the annexed drawing, I have diagrammatically shown a tank III into which these organic fatty materials, etc., and the sulphonating agent are respectively introduced as through pipes I I and I2. These materials may be stirred by any suitable agitator means, not shown, or by a Wooden paddle. the formation of an acidic reaction mass.

When thereaction has proceeded for the de- The result is" sired length of time, the acidic reaction mass may be transferred to arwashing chamber or it may be washed in the same tank I without transference to avsecond vessel. Thus, in the latter-process, the aqueous washing medium in the form of water or other suitable aqueous medium commonly employed to remove the excess sulphonating agent from such mass, such as sodium chloride, or sodium sulphate solution, is introduced into the tank Il) by any suitable means. Diagrammatically, I have illustrated a pipe I3 for introducing this aqueous washing medium into the lower end of the tank I0. This washing medium is intimately admixed with the acidic reaction mass by any suitable agitator positioned in the tank I0 or by manual means.

If desired, the mixture may be allowed preliminarily to settle in the tank Ill to permit the bulk of the aqueous medium, consisting of washin'g medium, excess sulphonating agent, and any other ingredients of the acidic reaction mass such as glycerol, which may be preferentially soluble in water, to separate naturally by gravity, reserving theapplication of the electrical treatment for the removal of the last traces of removable aqueous material. If this is done the material which gravitationally separates can be removed through a pipe I4, allowing the remainder of the material to move through a pipe i5 to the electric treater 2|). Generally, however, the process of this invention is most advantageously employed by quickly subjecting the whole mixture ol' acidic reaction mass and washing medium to the action of an electric field to separate the "removable aqueous material as rapidly and completely as possible, for reasons previously recited herein. In this instance the entire mass of material is moved through the pipe |5and into the treater 20.

As diagrammatically illustrated, this treater mayinclude a tank 2| comprising an outer 4 vgrounded electrode on which insulators 22 are supported. These insulators, of any desired number, carry a cross bar 23 which adjustably 'mounts a rod 24, which latter element mayin some instances, in itself comprise an inner electrode. In the exemplary form shown, a screen electrode 25 is retained at the lower end of the rod 24. As treatment progresses, there is formed in the bottom of the tank I2| an aqueous layer the level of which slowly rises until` the mixture has been substantially completely separated. I

have -indicated the' ultimate uppermost surface 4of this lo'wer aqueous layer by the dotted line 2l,

and have found it preferable to positionthe screen electrode 25 a slight distance above this surface 21. maintained between the tank 2| and the rod 24, treatment will take' place not only in the space around the rod, i. e., between this rod and the tank 2|, but will also take place between the screen electrode 25 and the tank 2|. In addition, treatment will take place between the screen electrode 25 and the surface of the aqueous lower layer which is of a conducting nature. The electrode 25 and the rod 24 should not at any time be submerged below the upper level ofV this lower -aqueous layer, since short-circuiting would be caused.l v

It is to be distinctly understood that the position of the rod and electrode in relation to the surface of the lower aqueous layer vis not to be regarded as necessarily fixed. Different reaction masses may require different adjustments of the rod and electrode to -attain most efficient sepa- If, then, a potential difference is ration of theaqueous layer. In some cases, the rod and electrode may be so mounted or moved that a constant distance is maintained between the electrode and the constantly rising surface of thesaid aqueous layer, i. e., the electrodel may be constantly raised as separation proceeds under the influence of the process.`

In other instances the electrode structure may be retained in a xed position in the tank 2| so that as the level indicated by the dotted line 2l ris'es the field between this level and the screen electrode 25 will increase in intensity.

Any suitable means may be utilized for`building a. potential between the rod 24 and the tank 2|. or pulsating current is utilized. In manyinstances it is possible to secure entirely satisfactory treatment by'connecting the high tension windin g of a transformer between the tank 2| and the rod 24, this transformer being one which builds a high voltage therebetween. Potentials less than 10,000 volts in magnitude are ordinarily very satisfactory,` though usually the potentials employed should be above 1,000 volts. Very satisfactory'results will thus accrue if a 5500-volt transformer is utilized thereby making -an average gradient of 1,000 volts per inch. These limits are, however, not exclusive, for in some instances Best results are-obtained if an altern-ating it is possible to use potentials higher or lower than those above mentioned. The limits set forth are illustrative, and I do not limit myself thereto. With such a system the alternating potential can be continuously applied or can be periodically interrupted to form a series of impulses. Such impulses may be of a duration of one-half cycle if desired, or may be of such length f as to include more than one-half cycle or several complete cycles if desired. i

In some instances it has been found desirable to utilize the circuit shown in the accompanying drawing, especially when treating masses of In the form/ shown, I have illustrated a transformer 3|]v inan especially conducting nature.

cluding a high voltage winding 3|, one terminal of which is grounded and connected tothe tank.

2|. The other terminal is connected to the rod 24 through a spark gap 33. It is usually preferable,V though not always necessary, to place a condenser 34 across the high tension winding 3|, as shown. The transformer includes a low tension winding 35 which is connected to va suitable commercial-frequency,supply line through -a chokecoil 352 When a treater thus connected is placed in operation, the current flow throughl .the treating space will be limited by the choke'coil 36.. At

the same time, by properadjustment of the spari;y

gap 33, this gap will periodically break down asv the potential thereacross builds up. Thus, as the potential across the electrodes is building upthe condenser 34 will be charged, and when a, sufficiently high ,potential is attained, the spark gap 33 will break down. vAtkthis, instant, a low resistance -path is formed across thejterminals of theI spark gap and cu'rrent can flow there- Athrough to the electrodes.

Til

an extent that the arc will not persist'across the spark gap 33, thus stopping a major portion of the current flow to the electrodes. The cycle is repeated when the potential across the transformer winding 3| again builds up. Other types of high frequency systems producing an oscillatory potential may also be used to advantage. Further, by using a rectier with spark gap and condenser, direct-current impulses can be obtained. These may also be used to advantage in certain instances.

After such electrical treatment the lower aqueous layer may be withdrawn from the tank 2| through a pipe 4D including a valve 4l. Thereafter the=oily acidic mass remaining in the treater may be neutralized therein, or it may be removed from the treater to another container in which this neutralization takes place. In the form il- I be added by any suitable means, as by a pipe 42.

lustrated the electrode structure is so formed as to be easily removable from the insulators 22, thus permitting the neutralization step to take place inthe tank 2 The neutralizing agent may This neutralizing agent is in the form of a suitable basa The common neutralizing agents are sodium, potassium, and ammonium hydroxides, although any other base may be employed as desired. For example, alkaline earth metal bases may be used, or the carbonate or bicarbonate of any desired metal or metal equivalent may be used in this capacity. The neutralizing agent is suitably mixed with the reaction mass, as by being stirred or otherwise agitated either manually or mechanically by meansnot shown.

Insomeinstances it is possible to neutralize to the desired degree in a single s tep. In this instance the inorganic and the organic acids presv neutralized or partially neutralized mass to the Cil action of an electric eld as will be hereinafter described. A

In other instances it is desirable to vary this procedure, and, instead ofneutralizing the olly acidic mass to its nal degree in one operation as is performed in the common process of manufacturing sulphonated oils, to conduct the neu- The subsequent neutralizing step or steps would be used for the purpose of neutralizing the product to any desired degree, e. g., until a watersoluble oil is obtained. The product can be carried to the point of complete neutralization if desired, or neutralization may stop short thereof,

depending upon the product to be produced. If such a poly-step neutralizing process is carried out, it has been found very desirable to subject the semi-finished product to the action of an electric iield, thus. greatly decreasing the time `necessary degree.

ized products to the electrical separation process of the invention is that a product of superior `homogeneity can frequently be so prepared. For

example, sulpho-fatty materials that have been;

neutralized only slightly past the point where all the strong acidic hydrogen has been neutralized are sometimes marketed in this form and nd particular utility in certain. commercial processes over products which are neutralized to a greater If the separation is allowed to take place by gravitational means, such relatively underneutralized products exhibit the very undesirable property of settling water or other aqueous s olution over an extended period of time. If, therefore, such products are marketed immediately upon completion of manufacture, the separation of such aqueous material in the container produces an unfavorable reaction on the purchaser.

Thus, regardless of whether partial or complete neutralization is effected, it is usually vdesirable to subject the neutralized or partially neutralized mass to the action of an electric field. This can be accomplished by reinserting the electrode' structure in the tank 2| and establishing the fields therein so as to coalesce and quickly remove the water or other vaqueous solution. A superior product is produced if such foreign substances is not dependent upon the use of su'ch a field ofv high frequency oscillating potential.

If a poly-stepneutralizing process is utilizedv this electric treating step can be performed either between the time that the respective neutralizing steps are taken or afte the desired degree of neutralization has been obtained by this polystep neutralizing process.

It should be understood that I am not limited to the particular apparatus shown. If desired the tank l0 can be dispensed with and the sulphonating agent and washing. medium added directly to the tank 2| during the time that the electrode is not positioned therein. So also it is possible to perform the neutralizing step in a container separate from the tank 2|. So also, if desired, the electrical treatment of the neutralized or partially neutralized product can be eifected by the use of an entirely separate electric treater similar to that indicated by the numeral 20. Furthermore, while it is usually desirable to utilize the invention in conjunction with a batch process, it will be apparent that my process is equally applicable to the preparation of sulphofatty bodies by continuous processes and the use of the word "mass in the appended claims is not to beconstrued as limiting same to a batch process.

I claim as my invention:

1. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies, which improvement includes the steps of: intimately contacting the reaction organic fattybody to be sulpl'ionated and a. sulphonating agent to form an acidic reaction'mass; mixing said acidic reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium; separatingat least a part of said aqueous Washing medium by applying to the'mixture an electriceld; Withdrawing the separated aqueous layer; at least partially neutralizing the remaining oily acidic mass and subjecting said partially neutralized mass to the action of an electric field to separate aqueous material therefrom.

2. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction withsulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which improvement includes the steps of: mixing said acidic reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium; and then subjecting the resulting mixture to the action of a high-intensity electric field to quickly separate the oily portion of the acidic reaction mass from the aqueous washing medium and substances associated therewith,

thereby preventing prolonged contact rwhich would set up deleterious side reactions.

3. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of .reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to `form an acidic reaction mass. which improvement includes the steps of: mixing said acidic reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium; 'subjecting the washed acidic reaction mass to the action of a high-intensity electric field to coalesce`at least a part of the aqueous material; settling said coalesced material to form an aqueous layer; withdrawing the material in said aqueous layer; and separately withdrawing the remainder of the reaction mass.

4. An improvement in the process of manui'acturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonatlng agent to an organic fatty .body capable of reaction with sulphuricacid or a derivative thereof to form an acidicreaction mass, which improvement includes the steps of: mixing said acidic reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium; immediately subjecting the mixture to the action of a high-intensity electric eld to coalesce at least a partfefl the aqueous material; and` relatively quickly separating said aqueous material thus coalesced from the remainder -of the mass to prevent prolonged contact-which the remainder of said reaction mass by subjection to the action of a high-intensity electric field. Y

6. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of `reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which improvement includes the steps of: mixing said acidic VVreaction mass with an `aqueous washing medium; separating at least a portion of the aqueous washing 'medium to leave an, oily acidic mass; at least partially `neutralizing. said oily acidic mass: and subjecting the resultant product to the action of an electric field` of high intensity. H

7. An improvement ,in the process of manufacf turing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of intensity to coalesce at least a part of the aqueous -material removable therefrom; allowing the electrically treated material to settle to form an aqueous layer; and removing said aqueous layer.

8. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonatby'said electric field.

9. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction `with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which improvement includes the steps of: mixing said acidic reaction mass with an aqueous Washing medium; separating at least a portion of the aqueous washing mediumA to leave an oily acidic mass; at least partially neutralizing said oily acidic mass; subjecting the resultant product to 'the action of an electric eld of high intensity to coalesce at least a part of the aqueous material therein; removing said coalesced material; and further neutralizing the product remaining after removal of said coalesced material.

10. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2, in which said high-intensity electric ld is of high frequency character.

1l. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fattyvbodies by adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereoff to form an acidic reaction mass. which-improvement includes the steps of periodically discharging a condenser in circuit with a pair of electrodes bounding a treating space to establish an electric stress in `said treating space; mixing said acidicY reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium; and subjecting the mixture to the action of said electric stress.

12. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies by ladding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which improvement includes the steps of establishing an oscillatory electric field; mixing potential of commercial frequency across a pair of electrodes.

14. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2, in which said high-intensity electric'eld is established by impressing analternating potential across a pair of electrodes-fand including the step Ioi periodically impressing an oscillatory potential of high frequency across said electrodes.

15. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2, in which said high-'intensity electric field is established by impressing a potential between a pair of electrodes, and periodically inter--k rupting said potential.

16.` An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2,-in which said high-intensity electric field is established by impressing an alternating potential between a pair of electrodes, and periodically interruptinglsaid alternating potential.

17. Animprovement in the process of manu facturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding asulphonating agent to `an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form a reaction mass, which irnprovement includes the steps of: mixing said reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium;

separating at :least a portionof said aqueous washing medium; then partly neutralizing the Patent No.' 2,110,899.

CERTIFICATE V0F coRaEcTIoN.r

from the partlyAneutralized mass;

'said separation step performed between said neutralization steps is performed by subjecting "the mass to the action of an electric ileld after 'the first addition of said base and prior to the subsequent neutralization to separate a vportion of the first-added base prior to the subsequentA neutralization.

19. An improvement in the process of manufacturing -sulpho-fatty bodies by `adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which .improvement includes the steps of t mixing said acidic reaction mass fwith anaqueous washing medium; subjecting the washed acidic reaction mass to the action of an electric eld to separate at least a part of the aqueous material; at least partially neutralizing the resulting oily reac= tion mass; and subjecting the resulting product to the action of an electric field of high intensity.

so WILLIAM WoELFuN.

March 15, 1958-. I

WILL IAM WOELFLIN It is hereby certified that error appears in the printed specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: IPage. 2, first column, line 16, for "matterial" read naterial; page 5, first column, -line 56, claim 5, for "only" read oily; and that the said Letters Patent should be readwith these corre ations' therein, that theA vsame may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office..

Signed' and sealed this 10th day of l'iay, A. D. 1958..

(Seal.)

- Henry Van Arsdale,. y Acting Commissioner of Patents.

potential of commercial frequency across a pair of electrodes.

14. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2, in which said high-intensity electric'eld is established by impressing analternating potential across a pair of electrodes-fand including the step Ioi periodically impressing an oscillatory potential of high frequency across said electrodes.

15. An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2, in which said high-'intensity electric field is established by impressing a potential between a pair of electrodes, and periodically inter--k rupting said potential.

16.` An improvement in the process of manufacturing sulpho-fatty bodies as described in claim 2,-in which said high-intensity electric field is established by impressing an alternating potential between a pair of electrodes, and periodically interruptinglsaid alternating potential.

17. Animprovement in the process of manu facturing sulpho-fatty bodies by adding asulphonating agent to `an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form a reaction mass, which irnprovement includes the steps of: mixing said reaction mass with an aqueous washing medium;

separating at :least a portionof said aqueous washing medium; then partly neutralizing the Patent No.' 2,110,899.

CERTIFICATE V0F coRaEcTIoN.r

from the partlyAneutralized mass;

'said separation step performed between said neutralization steps is performed by subjecting "the mass to the action of an electric ileld after 'the first addition of said base and prior to the subsequent neutralization to separate a vportion of the first-added base prior to the subsequentA neutralization.

19. An improvement in the process of manufacturing -sulpho-fatty bodies by `adding a sulphonating agent to an organic fatty body capable of reaction with sulphuric acid or a derivative thereof to form an acidic reaction mass, which .improvement includes the steps of t mixing said acidic reaction mass fwith anaqueous washing medium; subjecting the washed acidic reaction mass to the action of an electric eld to separate at least a part of the aqueous material; at least partially neutralizing the resulting oily reac= tion mass; and subjecting the resulting product to the action of an electric field of high intensity.

so WILLIAM WoELFuN.

March 15, 1958-. I

WILL IAM WOELFLIN lzishereby certified that error appears in the printed specification dftheabovennmberedpatentrequiringcorrectionasfbllows: Page 2, first column, line 16, for "matterial" read naterial; page 5, first column, .line 56, claim 5,foron1y"readoily; and thatthesaid Letters Patent should be readwith these corre ations' therein, that theA vsame may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Office..

Signed' and sealed this 10th day of l'iay, A. D. 1958..

(Seal) Henry Van Arsdale,. y Acting Commissioner of Patents. 

